European Power and heat
How the tracked legislation reaches the sector — 115 measures name it directly, and 5 more reach it through supply chains, procurement or other acts.
Direction
81 burden · 39 benefit
Status
87 adopted · 17 proposed · 16 mixed
Channel
115 direct · 5 reached
reached via supply chain 1 · regulatory dependency 4
The platform holds 120 measures for European power and heat: 81 imposing a burden, 39 conferring a benefit. Of these, 87 from law in force, 17 from proposals, 16 from a file spanning both; 115 arrive directly, 5 through a channel.
Recent changes
What moved in this sector
Named in the text
Measures that address power and heat directly
LM-12Apply minimum mandatory environmental sustainability requirements set out in an implementing act when procuring listed net-zero technologies.Contracting authorities and contracting entities · GovernmentsRequirementLM-13Not supply more than 50% of the value of the contracted net-zero technology product from any single individual third country for the duration of the contract.Winning tenderers supplying net-zero technology under public contracts · BusinessesRequirementLM-14Exclude tenders from economic operators owned/controlled by entities in third countries without a guaranteeing international agreement, for net-zero technology procurement covered by the new Annex II.Contracting authorities and contracting entities · GovernmentsRequirementLM-15aApply the Union-origin requirements laid down in the new Annex II when procuring listed net-zero technologies (battery storage, solar PV, heat pumps, wind, nuclear).Contracting authorities and contracting entities · GovernmentsRequirementLM-15bGuaranteed demand in EU net-zero technology public procurement for manufacturers whose battery energy storage systems (and, from year 3, battery cells/BMS/one more component) originate in the Union.EU manufacturers of battery energy storage systems and components · BusinessesOpportunityLM-16Require suppliers of in-scope net-zero technology products to submit a self-declaration or equivalent document demonstrating compliance with the origin requirements.Suppliers of net-zero technologies under EU public contracts · BusinessesRequirementLM-18aGive each net-zero technology pre-qualification/award criterion a minimum weight of 5% and a combined weight of 15-30% of the auction's award criteria.Member States designing net-zero technology auctions · GovernmentsRequirementLM-18bGuaranteed application of origin/resilience award criteria to at least 40% of the volume auctioned per year per Member State (or 8 GW/year), and to 100% of volume for the high-risk-supplier and origin sub-criteria, creating a protected share of auctioned capacity for compliant bidders.EU-based bidders in net-zero technology auctions meeting origin/resilience criteria · BusinessesOpportunityLM-19Design auctions involving control systems, SCADA, remote access systems or firewalls so that suppliers identified as 'high-risk' under the future Cyber Security Act instrument are excluded from supply, design, management or software-update processes.Member States designing net-zero technology auctions · GovernmentsRequirementLM-23aEnsure Union-origin requirements from the new Annex II are met when supporting the construction or manufacturing of net-zero technology final products.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementFDI-11Empowered to adopt delegated acts extending the list of emerging strategic sectors subject to FDI screening to further economic-security-critical sectors (e.g. additional net-zero technologies, nuclear fuel cycle, electric propulsion), excluding digital/AI/quantum/semiconductors.European CommissionRequirementGOV-04Carry out a comprehensive assessment of the application of the net-zero technology auction criteria and their effect on the accelerated deployment of renewable energy technologies.European CommissionRequirementDECL-03Report total embedded emissions per tonne of goods (or per MWh for electricity), and have them verified where actual emissions are supplied by the operator through the CBAM registry.Authorised CBAM declarants · BusinessesRequirementANTI-01Refrain from practices whose purpose is to gain a benefit by unduly avoiding, wholly or partly, the CBAM financial liability.All actors in the CBAM supply chain · BusinessesRequirementFIN-04Pay the CBAM certificate price as fixed by the fallback rules for weeks with no auction or a single auction.Authorised CBAM declarants purchasing CBAM certificates · BusinessesRequirementELEC-01Accept default values for imported electricity that reflect fossil generation only, regardless of the exporting country's actual generation mix.Importers and authorised CBAM declarants of electricity · BusinessesSimplificationELEC-02Take the alternative default value from the CO2 emission factor, rather than from the emission factor for electricity, when demonstrating that the exporting area's electricity is cleaner than the applicable default.Importers and authorised CBAM declarants of electricity from lower-carbon third countries · BusinessesSimplificationELEC-03Accept the standard default value for indirect emissions where the exporting country's actual electricity mix is cleaner than that default.Importers of goods with indirect emissions from lower-carbon third countries · BusinessesSimplificationELEC-04Hold a power purchase agreement directly with the third-country electricity producer, with no intermediary in the chain, in order to claim actual emissions.Importers and authorised CBAM declarants of electricity claiming actual emissions · BusinessesSimplificationELEC-05Demonstrate that the generating installation is directly connected to the Union transmission system, or that no physical network congestion existed at the time of export, in order to claim actual emissions for imported electricity.Importers and authorised CBAM declarants of electricity claiming actual emissions · BusinessesSimplificationELEC-06Firmly nominate the claimed electricity to allocated interconnection capacity across origin, destination and transit, matching production within the same hour, and forgo the claim where capacity is allocated implicitly.Importers and authorised CBAM declarants of electricity claiming actual emissions · BusinessesRequirementELEC-07Conclude, and then honour, a Memorandum of Understanding setting the timeline for the Art. 2(7) exemption and for putting an EU ETS-equivalent carbon price on electricity generation.Third countries seeking electricity market coupling with the Union, and the Commission · GovernmentsRequirementELEC-08Assess third-country listing for the electricity exemption against the Memorandum of Understanding timeline as well as the paragraph 7 conditions.European Commission · GovernmentsRequirementGOV-02Report to Parliament and Council before 1 January 2028 and biennially thereafter on CBAM's operation, covering carbon leakage, internal-market and price effects, governance, circumvention practices, penalties and per-country emission intensity.European Commission · GovernmentsRequirementCBAMB-ELEC-09Use, as the emission factor for electricity, the weighted average CO2 intensity of all electricity produced in the geographic area, in place of a factor representing the emission intensity of the electricity consumed in producing the goods.Importers and authorised CBAM declarants of electricity and of goods carrying embedded indirect emissions · BusinessesRequirementCBAMB-ELEC-10Hold a power purchase agreement that involves the physical delivery of electricity, not merely a direct contractual purchase, in order to claim actual embedded emissions for imported electricity.Importers and authorised CBAM declarants of electricity claiming actual emissions · BusinessesRequirementCBAMB-SCP-08A third country or territory may be added to or removed from the Annex III exemption lists by delegated act, including as a consequence of CBAM incorporation into the EEA Agreement, and under urgency where imperative grounds require it.European Commission; importers of goods originating in third countries listed in Annex III · GovernmentsRequirementCBAMB-DECL-07Report, in the standard declaration format, the detail supporting each total -- per installation and per country of origin -- including the carbon price paid and the default carbon price for the purposes of Art. 9(4).Authorised CBAM declarants · BusinessesRequirementBEN-01Support net-zero manufacturing projects so that Union manufacturing capacity reaches at least 40% of the Union's annual deployment needs for net-zero technologies by 2030.The Commission and Member States · GovernmentsRequirementSPC-01Establish or designate one or more single points of contact responsible for facilitating and coordinating the permit-granting process for net-zero technology manufacturing projects.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementSPC-02Project promoters may file every document in the permit-granting process electronically, in any Member State.Promoters of net-zero technology manufacturing projects · BusinessesEntitlementSPC-03Re-run studies or re-obtain permits and authorisations already carried out or issued for the same project.Promoters of net-zero technology manufacturing projects · BusinessesSimplificationSPC-04Specify and hand to the single point of contact the requirements and the extent of the information that will be demanded of a project promoter, before the permit-granting process starts.Authorities involved in the permit-granting process · GovernmentsRequirementINF-01Publish online, centrally, the single points of contact, the permit-granting process, financing and investment services, funding possibilities and business support services.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementADM-01Provide administrative support to net-zero technology manufacturing projects, including help with compliance, with informing the public, and with the permit-granting process, with particular attention to SMEs.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementPRM-01Complete the permit-granting process for a net-zero technology manufacturing project within 12 months below 1 GW of yearly manufacturing capacity, or 18 months at 1 GW or more.Member State permit-granting authorities and single points of contact · GovernmentsRequirementPRM-02Acknowledge that a permit application is complete, or state exactly what is missing, within 45 days; a second request for information may be made within 30 days and may not open new subjects.Single points of contact · GovernmentsRequirementPRM-03Draw up a detailed schedule for the permit-granting process within two months of the application and publish it on a free-access website.Single points of contact · GovernmentsRequirementPRM-05A promoter may obtain, before filing, a binding-in-practice scoping opinion on how detailed the environmental impact assessment report has to be, answered within 45 days.Promoters of net-zero technology manufacturing projects · BusinessesEntitlementENV-01Where two or more environmental assessment duties arise at once, run a coordinated or joint procedure that satisfies all of them.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementENV-02Issue the reasoned conclusion on the environmental impact assessment within 90 days of receiving all necessary information and completing consultations.Member State competent authorities · GovernmentsRequirementSP-01A manufacturing project meeting any one of the resilience, supply-chain or sustainability criteria is recognised as a net-zero strategic project, which carries the priority permitting track and the public-interest status of Art. 15.Promoters of net-zero technology manufacturing projects in the Union · BusinessesEntitlementSP-02File an application for strategic-project recognition containing evidence against the criteria, a business plan evaluating financial viability, and a draft timetable showing when the project contributes to the Union benchmark.Promoters applying for net-zero strategic project status · BusinessesRequirementSP-03Assess a strategic-project application within one month of completeness, request missing information once only, and give a reasoned decision to the promoter and the Platform.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementSP-04A rejected applicant may take the application to the Commission, which must assess it within 20 working days.Promoters whose strategic-project application was rejected · BusinessesEntitlementSP-05Projects already backed by the ETS Innovation Fund, an IPCEI, a European Hydrogen Valley or the Hydrogen Bank get strategic-project status on a written request, with no formal application.Promoters of Innovation Fund, IPCEI, Hydrogen Valley and Hydrogen Bank backed manufacturing projects · BusinessesEntitlementSP-06Strategic-project status, and every right attached to it, is lost where the project changes substantially, stops meeting the criteria, or was recognised on incorrect information.Promoters of net-zero strategic projects · BusinessesEntitlement withdrawnSP-07Strategic projects count as being in the public interest, and may be treated as of overriding public interest, in the derogations of the Water, Birds and Habitats Directives and of nature-restoration law.Promoters of net-zero strategic projects · BusinessesEntitlementSP-08A recognised strategic project is given the highest national significance status the Member State's own law provides, and is treated accordingly in permitting, environmental assessment and spatial planning.Promoters of net-zero strategic projects · BusinessesEntitlementSP-09Litigation and appeals touching a strategic project are treated as urgent wherever national permitting law has an urgency procedure -- with the promoter required to take part in it.Promoters of net-zero strategic projects · BusinessesEntitlementPRM-06Complete the permit-granting process for a net-zero strategic project within 9 months below 1 GW, 12 months at 1 GW or more, and 18 months for the permits to operate a CO2 storage site.Member State permit-granting authorities and single points of contact · GovernmentsRequirementVAL-01Accompany any designation of a net-zero Acceleration Valley with a plan carrying at least four support schemes: infrastructure, private investment, reskilling, and online information.Member States designating net-zero Acceleration Valleys · GovernmentsRequirementVAL-02Siting a manufacturing project in a designated Valley confers the public-interest status -- and the possible overriding public interest -- in the environmental derogations, without the project having to be recognised as strategic.Promoters of net-zero technology manufacturing projects sited in a Valley · BusinessesEntitlementFIN-01A strategic-project promoter may call the Platform in to work through how to close the project's financing, across private sources, the EIB Group and other IFIs, national instruments and Union programmes.Promoters of net-zero strategic projects · BusinessesEntitlementCO2-01Publish, on a non-reliance basis, the geological data on decommissioned production sites -- and any economic assessment of the cost of enabling CO2 injection -- covering whether the site can safely and permanently store CO2 and what transport it would need.Current and former holders of hydrocarbon authorisations under Directive 94/22/EC · BusinessesRequirementCO2-02Deliver an individual share of the Union's 50 Mt/year CO2 injection capacity target by 2030, calculated pro-rata on the entity's share of Union crude oil and natural gas production over 2020-2023, as permitted capacity available to the market.Authorised oil and gas producers above the de minimis production threshold · BusinessesRequirementCO2-03Submit a plan to the Commission confirming the targeted volume of new CO2 storage and injection capacity to be commissioned by 2030, and the means and milestones for reaching it.Authorised oil and gas producers subject to an individual contribution · BusinessesRequirementCO2-04Report annually to the Commission on progress towards the individual CO2 injection-capacity contribution; the reports are published.Authorised oil and gas producers subject to an individual contribution · BusinessesRequirementCO2-06Deliver an individual CO2 injection-capacity contribution for production carried out in a Member State whose permitted, FID-reached storage capacity already exceeds the sum of those contributions.Authorised oil and gas producers active in a Member State that obtains the exemption · BusinessesSimplificationCO2-08Identify the authorised oil and gas producers on the territory and report their 2020-2023 crude oil and natural gas production volumes to the Commission.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementCO2-09Lay down effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties for producers that infringe their CO2 injection-capacity obligations.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementPP-01Apply the Commission's minimum mandatory environmental sustainability requirements in every procurement whose subject matter includes solar, wind, battery, heat pump, hydrogen, biogas, CCS, grid, nuclear or sustainable-fuel technology, and in works contracts including it.Contracting authorities and contracting entities · GovernmentsRequirementPP-02Attach to net-zero works contracts at least one of: a social or employment contract-performance clause, a cybersecurity compliance requirement, or a hard on-time delivery obligation backed by a charge.Contracting authorities and contracting entities · GovernmentsRequirementPP-03aWhere the Commission has found a third country supplies more than 50% of a net-zero technology in the Union, hold supply from each such country below 50% of contract value -- for the technology and for its main components -- prove it on request, and pay at least 10% of the contract value if the cap is breached.Tenderers and successful contractors supplying net-zero technologies to public buyers · BusinessesRequirementPP-03bPublic demand is reserved away from a dominant third-country source: once the Commission finds one country above 50% of Union supply, no more than half the contract value of that technology, or of its main components, may come from that country -- the balance falls to Union and diversified producers.Union and diversified non-dominant producers of net-zero technologies and their main components · BusinessesOpportunityPP-04Apply the minimum environmental sustainability requirements where there is a single possible supplier, where a comparable earlier tender drew no suitable bids, or where compliance would cost disproportionately or break technical compatibility.Contracting authorities and contracting entities · GovernmentsSimplificationAUC-01Build responsible business conduct, cyber and data security, and delivery-capability pre-qualification into renewable energy auctions, plus pre-qualification or award criteria for the auction's sustainability and resilience contribution.Member States designing renewable energy auctions · GovernmentsRequirementAUC-02In renewable energy auctions, sustainability and resilience criteria carry at least 5% each and 15-30% combined of the award score, and the regime bites on at least 30% of the volume auctioned per Member State per year -- a priced advantage for producers outside a dominant third-country source.Manufacturers of renewable energy technologies and their main components supplying auction participants · BusinessesOpportunityAUC-03Apply the auction pre-qualification and award criteria where doing so would cost disproportionately -- presumed above a 15% cost difference per auction.Member States designing renewable energy auctions · GovernmentsSimplificationSCH-01Design any new or updated scheme that subsidises the purchase of net-zero technology final products so that it favours products with a high sustainability and resilience contribution, either by paying more for them or by making them the eligibility condition.Member States, regional and local authorities and bodies governed by public law running purchase-support schemes · GovernmentsRequirementSCH-02Buyers of net-zero technology final products that score on sustainability and resilience can be paid additional compensation of up to 5% of the product's cost -- up to 15% for households in energy poverty.Households, companies and consumers buying net-zero technology final products under a public support scheme · HouseholdsOpportunitySCH-03Any net-zero technology final product may apply to join a purchase-support scheme at any time, and the authority must assess it through an open, non-discriminatory and transparent process against a published pass mark.Manufacturers of net-zero technology final products · BusinessesEntitlementSCH-04Publish, on one free-access website, all information on purchase-support schemes for each relevant net-zero technology final product.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementSBX-01Establish or designate contact points for net-zero regulatory sandboxes, with one sole contact point responsible for each request.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementSBX-02Any company, organisation or consortium developing innovative net-zero technologies can require a Member State to set up a regulatory sandbox for it, if it meets the eligibility criteria and is selected.Companies, organisations and consortia developing innovative net-zero technologies · BusinessesEntitlementSBX-03Carry full liability under Union and national law for any material harm caused to third parties by testing inside the sandbox.Participants in net-zero regulatory sandboxes · BusinessesRequirementSME-01SMEs and start-ups get priority access to net-zero regulatory sandboxes, plus a dedicated communication channel and administrative support to take part.SMEs and start-ups developing innovative net-zero technologies · BusinessesEntitlementSKL-01Assess whether an Academy's learning programmes are equivalent to the national qualifications required for regulated professions of interest to the net-zero industry, publish the results, and report the reasons to the Platform where equivalence is not found or not sought.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementMON-01Collect and report, at least every three years, data on trade obstacles, market and price developments, manufacturing capacity and employment, SME participation, permit-granting outcomes and durations, sandboxes, and CO2 stored underground.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementSDG-01Carry net-zero technology manufacturing projects in the Single Digital Gateway: a new information area, the permit procedures and their outputs, and the single points of contact as assistance services.Member States and the Commission, through the Single Digital Gateway · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-BEN-02Raise the Union share of world production of net-zero technologies towards 15% by 2040, unless the added capacity would run significantly beyond Union deployment needs.The Commission and Member States · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-PRM-07Complete permitting within 18 months where the project's yearly manufacturing capacity is not measured in GW.Member State permit-granting authorities · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-PRM-08Where consultation shows the environmental impact assessment report needs supplementing, give the promoter at least 30 days to file the additional information; that period does not count against the permitting clock.Single points of contact · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-PRM-09Hold the permitting time limits for a project whose nature, complexity, location or size requires longer.Promoters of net-zero technology manufacturing and strategic projects · BusinessesSimplificationNZIAB-PRM-10Hold the permitting time limits for a project raising exceptional risks to the health and safety of workers or the general population.Promoters of net-zero technology manufacturing and strategic projects · BusinessesSimplificationNZIAB-ENV-03Hold public and authority consultation on the environmental report to between 30 and 85 days, extended to at most 90 in the cases Art. 6(4) of Directive 2011/92/EU covers.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-PLAN-01Consider making room for net-zero manufacturing projects, strategic projects and Valleys in zoning, spatial and land use plans -- giving priority to artificial, built, industrial and brownfield surfaces -- and put all relevant spatial planning data online.National, regional and local planning authorities · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-PLAN-02Combine the strategic environmental assessment and the habitats assessment where a plan makes room for net-zero projects, covering water bodies and, where relevant, the marine environment, without lengthening the Regulation's time limits.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-INF-02Publish every decision under the permitting section and Arts. 8, 15, 16 and 28 in an easily understandable form, with all decisions on one project on the same website.Member States and their authorities · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-SP-11A project in a less developed or transition region or a Just Transition Fund territory, eligible under cohesion rules, is recognised as strategic on a written request once the award procedure has run -- with no formal application.Promoters of cohesion-funded projects in less developed and transition regions and Just Transition Fund territories · BusinessesEntitlementNZIAB-SP-12Where a Member State will not recognise projects in a technology it does not accept in its energy mix, say so publicly and as soon as possible.Member States refusing recognition for a technology · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-SP-13Where the Member State misses the one-month deadline, the promoter can demand a new one, and it may be no more than 30 days past the original.Promoters awaiting a decision on strategic-project recognition · BusinessesEntitlementNZIAB-SP-14Inform the promoter and hear it before repealing a recognition on grounds of substantial change, loss of the criteria, or incorrect information.Member States and the Commission · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-SP-15Set up and maintain an openly available registry of net-zero strategic projects.The Commission · European CommissionRequirementNZIAB-SP-16Handle every process touching a strategic project in the most rapid way Union and national law allow -- a duty on the promoter as much as on the authorities.Promoters of net-zero strategic projects and all authorities concerned · BusinessesRequirementNZIAB-SP-17Take part in the urgency procedures that apply to disputes over the project.Promoters of net-zero strategic projects · BusinessesRequirementNZIAB-VAL-03Designate a Valley only with a defined geographic and technology scope, priority to built and brownfield land, a strategic environmental assessment and where applicable a habitats assessment, and synergies with renewables acceleration areas.Member States designating Valleys · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-VAL-04Designate a single point of contact for each Valley, with the permitting and strategic-project rules applying to individual projects inside it.Member States designating Valleys · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-VAL-05Give promoters templates naming the specific permits a Valley project needs, carrying the project features and mitigation measures that decide whether an environmental impact assessment is required at all.Single points of contact for Valleys · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-PP-05Do not discriminate against, or treat differently without justification, a provider or net-zero products from another Member State.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-PP-06Apply the origin cap, the evidence duty and the 10% charge to supply originating with parties to the GPA and the Union's other relevant international agreements.Contracting authorities, and tenderers supplying from GPA signatory sources · GovernmentsSimplificationNZIAB-PP-07Apply the resilience conditions in a re-run procurement addressing the same needs, where applying them drew no suitable tenders the first time.Contracting authorities and contracting entities · GovernmentsSimplificationNZIAB-AUC-04Give each sustainability and resilience criterion at least 5% weight, and 15% to 30% combined, when applying them as award criteria.Member States designing renewable energy auctions · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-AUC-05Apply the auction regime to at least 30% of the volume auctioned per year, or alternatively at least 6 GW per year.Member States designing renewable energy auctions · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-SBX-04Publicly communicate any significant risk to health, safety or the environment found during sandbox testing and immediately suspend development and testing until it is mitigated.Competent authorities supervising net-zero regulatory sandboxes, and the participants they supervise · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-SBX-05A sandbox can be extended beyond its original duration by agreement with the national competent authority, through the same procedure.Participants in net-zero regulatory sandboxes · BusinessesEntitlementNZIAB-SME-02Take account of SME and start-up needs, give them adequate administrative support to take part in sandboxes, and tell them what financial support is available.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementNZIAB-CNF-01Protect the trade and business secrets and other sensitive, confidential and classified information obtained under the Regulation, including in the recommendations and measures taken on it.Member States and the Commission · GovernmentsRequirementFLEX-01Adopt, every two years, a report on the estimated national flexibility needs for at least the next 5 to 10 years.The regulatory authority, or another authority or entity designated by the Member State · GovernmentsRequirementFLEX-02Consider, in that report, the potential of non-fossil flexibility resources — demand response and energy storage — to meet the flexibility needs, at both transmission and distribution level.The regulatory authority, or another authority or entity designated by the Member State · GovernmentsRequirementFLEX-03Provide the data and analyses needed for the flexibility-needs report, in the type and format defined by ENTSO-E and the EU DSO entity.Transmission system operators and distribution system operators · BusinessesRequirementOBJ-01Define an indicative national objective for non-fossil flexibility, stating the specific contributions of demand response and of energy storage to it, and reflect it in the integrated national energy and climate plan and progress reports.Member States · GovernmentsRequirementSUP-01A Member State may pay for the available capacity of non-fossil flexibility through a support scheme, where investment falls short of its indicative national objective.Member States · GovernmentsEntitlementSUP-02Consider adapting the design of an existing capacity mechanism to promote the participation of non-fossil flexibility, including demand side response and energy storage.Member States operating a capacity mechanism · GovernmentsRequirementDES-01Where such a scheme is applied, keep it within what is necessary to meet the objective cost-effectively and limit it to NEW investment in non-fossil flexibility resources such as demand side response and energy storage.Member States applying a non-fossil flexibility support scheme · GovernmentsRequirement
Reaches you without naming you
Measures that land through a channel
Another act 4 · Supply chain 1
CBAM-01Producers of CBAM-covered goods see their free allocation shrink on a fixed annual CBAM-factor schedule, falling to 0% from 2038, as CBAM replaces free allocation as the carbon-leakage instrument for those goods.Operators of installations producing goods covered by the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism · BusinessesSimplificationCBAM-02When new product categories are added to the CBAM goods list, their free allocation also starts phasing down on a set CBAM-factor schedule (97.9% then 95.8%, then the general schedule from 2028).Operators producing goods newly added to CBAM Annex I · BusinessesSimplificationPRM-06Automatic 'strategic project' status for all net-zero technology manufacturing projects, granting streamlined treatment under the future Environmental Assessment Regulation.Promoters of net-zero technology manufacturing projects · BusinessesEntitlementIAAB-NZT-06bCreated demand for EU-origin electrolysers: renewable-hydrogen auctions must require that the electrolyser, its stacks and one further main specific component originate in the Union.EU manufacturers of electrolysers, stacks and main specific components · BusinessesOpportunityGOV-05Submit to the Commission a report setting out data on the application of net-zero technology exemptions and related requirements.Member States · GovernmentsRequirement
Where the pressure comes from
Pressure arrives from 4 acts directly, 1 more without ever naming it
Pressure arrives at European power and heat from 4 acts that name it directly, and from 1 more that never does: EU ETS revision.
Industrial Accelerator Act — names the sector in 12 measures, reaches it in 3 more via another act and supply chain
CBAM extension — names the sector in 16 measures
Net-Zero Industry Act — names the sector in 80 measures
Electricity market design — names the sector in 7 measures
EU ETS revision — never names the sector; reaches it in 2 measures via another act
Net position
What the corpus does to this sector, in total
120measures reach this sector · 81 press, 39 relieve or grant
In force Proposed or mixed basis
Supply chain and country exposure
What power and heat buys, sells and imports
Inputs come from
What this sector buys
- mining16%
- wholesale trade4.2%
- construction3.4%
- land transport2.9%
- public administration2.7%
- finance2.2%
- security & facilities2.1%
- legal, accounting & consulting1.9%
- everything else64.6%
Goods go to
Who buys from this sector
- food, drink & tobacco4%
- basic metals (steel & aluminium)3.6%
- retail trade3.6%
- chemicals3.1%
- hotels & restaurants3%
- real estate2.5%
- public administration2.3%
- construction2.3%
- everything else75.6%
This list covers sales to other industries only. A further 30.2% of what this sector sells goes straight to final use — households, government and capital formation — and so appears nowhere above.
Import exposure
21% of inputs come from outside the EU
- rest of world44.8%
- United States13.6%
- Norway10.5%
- United Kingdom6.2%
- Russia5.6%
- Switzerland3.2%
- China3.1%
- Saudi Arabia2.7%
- everything else10.4%
electricity & gas (D35). percent of sector's total inputs (suppliers) / total output (customers); OTHER row carries the remainder to 100. Source: Eurostat input-output data, 2026 edition, 2024 reference year (EU inter-country tables, industry by industry).
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